Notes on Fossil Wood

Malvaceae Info (Home)
Fossil Index

Introduction

Fossil material of plants can be difficult to identify as to species, genus, or larger taxonomic units, as usually what is found is individual parts of plants, such as wood, leaves, flowers, fruits or pollen, and these are often insufficient for identification, particularly for older material why is less closely related to modern material, and may be less well preserved. Consequently, and as fossils of one plant part often cannot be unambigiously associated with those of another plant part, palaeobotanists use form genera to classify parts of plants of uncertain taxonomic position. The suffix -xylon is often used in generic names, indicating a similarity with the wood of the modern genus whose name is combined with that suffix. The suffix -inium is also commonly used. It cannot be assumed that a fossil wood represents a species particularly close to the modern genus; for example Cretaceous Bombacoxylon is unlikely to be any more closely related to Bombax than to any other living bombacoid genus, and Hibiscoxylon niloticum would appear to be dombeyoid rather than malvoid.

Tile cells are a wood anatomical feature that have a restricted taxonomical distribution, being found in some (but not all) woody genera of Dipterocarpaceae and Malvaceae. Hence fossil wood types contaning tile cells can be confidently identified as belonging to one of these two families. Fossil wood types lacking these are harder to associate successfully with modern taxa, and some specimens have by various authors been attributed to distantly related genera. Furthermore some sets of specimens have been variously attributed to both single taxa and divided among distantly related genera.

The Inside Wood database [1, 2] contains information on the properties of fossil woods.

Surveys of fossil dicotyledonous wood were published in 1931 [3] and 2004 [4]. Using these as a base I expect that this page has fairly complete coverage of taxa. However material may be ascribed to a living genus (see my Sterculia Gallery), and this could have been overlooked.

Actinophoroxylon

Actinophoroxylon heteroradiatum K.Kramer [a] is a fossil wood from the Tertiary of Sumatra and Sumbawa [5]. As Actinophora is a synonym of Schoutenia it presumably resembles the wood of the latter.

Annamoxylon

Annamoxylon sterculioïdes C. Vozenin-Serra [4b] is a fossil wood from the Pliocene of central Vietnam [1].

Bastardiopsis

Bastardiopsis palaeodensiflora Ramos, Brea et Krӧhling is a fossil wood described from the Late Pleistocene El Palmar Formation of northeastern Argentina, assigned to an extant genus. [6]

Berryoxylon

Berryoxylon arcotense ...

Bombacoxylon

Bombacoxylon is a form genus representing fossil wood similar to that of extant bombacoids. The earliest records are from the Late Cretaceous of North America (e.g. the Campanian age Ajuga formation of Texas).

The species Bombacoxylon owenii (Carr.) Gottwald has a wide geographical and temporal range. It is recorded from the late Cretaceous or Eocene of Ethiopia [c  7], the Oligocene of Tunisia [d  7], the Oligocene of France [e], the Oligocene and Early Miocene of Egypt [8], the Neogene of Algeria [7], the Middle or Upper Miocene of the Siwalik Hills of Pakistan [f], the Lower Miocene of Libya, the Miocene of Sardinia, and the Miocene of Bavaria [g  9]. The basionym is Nicolia owenii Carr.; other placements are Caesalpinium owenii (Carruthers) Schuster [10] and Dombeyoxylon owenii (Carruthers) Kräusel [4].

Bombacoxylon affine (Felix) Gottwald is recorded from the Tertiary of Ethiopia [7]. The basionym is Dombeyoxylon affine Felix [4].

Bombacoyxlon bombacoides (Bancroft) Kräusel is recorded from the Miocene of Kenya [7]. The basionym is Dryoxylon bombacoides Bancroft [4].

Bombacoxylon galletti Beauchamp & Lemoigne is recorded from the late Cretaceous or Eocene of Ethiopia [c7].

Bombacoxylon grambastii Lemoigne is recorded from the Miocene of Ethiopia [h, 1].

Bombacoxylon langstoni Wheeler and Lehman is recorded from the Campanian Ajuga formation of Texas [11].

Bombacoxylon monodii (Boureau) Gottwald is recorded from the Tertiary of Algeria and Mali [7]. The basionym is Dombeyoxylon monodii Boureau [4].

Bombacoxylon pondaungense is recorded from the late middle Eocene Pondaung formation of Burma [i]. Bombacoxylon is also recorded elsewhere from the Tertiary of Burma [j].

Bombacoxylon tertiarum Mehrotra, Tiwari, Srivastava, & Shukla ...

Camptostemoxylon

Camptostemoxylon mahurzarii Trivedi is recorded from the Deccan [4].

Ceiba

Ceiba archeopentandra and Ceiba huancabambiana ...

Chattawaya

Chattawaya paliformis is found in the Middle Eocene Clarno Formation of Oregon. It is a wood similar to Pterospermum, but differing in having very large and irregularly shaped tile cells. [12]

Colaxylon

Colaxylon is a form genus representing wood similar to that of extant Cola. Colaxylon coppensi Koeniguer is recorded from Niger and Chad. Coloxylon (sic) deschampsii ...

Dombeyoxylon

Dombeyoxylon is a form genus representing wood similar to that of extant Dombeya.

Dombeyoxylon sturanii is recorded from the Eocene of France [4k].

Dombeyoxylon oweni which is recorded from the Eocene and Oligocene of Libya and Algeria, and the late Cretaceous or Eocene of Ethiopia, is a synonym of Bombacoxylon owenii.

Dombeyoxylon monodii which is recorded from the Tertiary of Algeria and French West Africa [13], is a synonym of Bombacoxylon monodii.

Dombeyoxylon jacksonensis Berry is recorded from the Eocene Fayette and Jackson Formations.

Dombeyoxylon affine is recorded from the Tertiary of Ethiopia. [3]

Dombeyoxylon aegypticum Schenk is recorded from the lower Oligocene of Egypt. Dombeyoxylon is also recorded from Intertrappean beds in Madhya Pradesh.

Dombeyoxylon affine Felix ....

Dryoxylon

Dryoxylon is a form genus representing wood of uncertain dicotlyedonous affinity. Four species have been associated with Bombacaceae (Bombacoideae or Durioneae). Dryoxylon bombacoides Bancroft has been transferred to Bombacoxylon. Dryoxylon siamensis Prakash has been considered a synonym of Bombacoxylon owenii, but has also been suggested to be lecthyidaceous or combetaceous. Dryoxylon intertrappea T.Trividi, and Dryoxylon mahurzarii T.Trividi are possibly bombacaceous. [4]

Elizabethiaxylon

Elizbethiaxylon patagonicum is a fossil wood species from Lower Paleocene of Patagonia. [14]

The name Elizabethiaxylon honours the Elizabeth Wheeler. [14]

Grewia

Grewia americana Woodcock, Meyer & Prado

Grewiaceoxylon, Grewinium and Grewioxylon

There are nomenclatural issues with the names applied to woods perceived to be allied with Grewia [, ].

Grewioxylon was introduced independently, by Schuster [10] and Shallom [], as a form genus for fossil wood similar to that of extant Grewia. Schuster's type species, Grewioxylon swedenborgii, from the Tertiary of the East Indies, has subsequently been reinterpreted as a dipterocarp (i.e. not malvaceous), first as Dipterocarpoxylon swedenborgii (Schuster) Kräusel and subsequently as Shoreoxylon swedenborgii (Schuster) Schweitzer. Consequently the name Grewioxylon is not available for its original purpose; Grewioxylon Schuster because its type species is reclassified in another genus, and Grewioxylon Shallom because it is a later homonym. Therefore Grewinium Srivastasa and Guleria was introduced as a replacement name for Grewioxylon Shallom []. The type species of Grewinium is Grewinium intertrappeum (Shallom) Srivastasa and Guleria [15]. Not all species of Grewioxylon have been formally transferred to Grewinium.

Grewinium posseses tile cells of the Pterospermum-type [16].

Guazuma

Guazuma santacruzensis Woodcock, Meyer & Prado

Guazumaoxylon

Guazumaoxylon miocenica from the Cucuracha Formation of the Miocene of Panama is similar to the wood of modern day Guazuma [19, 20].

Heritieroxylon

Heritieroxylon is a form genus representing fossil wood similar to that of extant Heritiera.

Heritieroxylon keralaensis is described from the Middle Miocene of Kerala [21].

Heritieroxylon arunachalensis is described from the Mio-Pliocene of Arunachal Pradesh [22] and also reported from the late middle Eocene Pondaung formation of Burma [m].

Heritieroxylon vietnamense is described from Pleistocene (dated at 700,000 years) deposits in Vietnam.

Heritieroxylon is also recorded from the Tertiary of Burma [j].

Hibiscoxylon

Hibiscoxylon is a form genus representing fossil wood similar to that of extant Hibiscus.

Hibiscoyxlon niloticum is recorded from Cretaceous sediments in Egypt [23], and from the late Cretaceous or Eocene of Ethiopia [24].

Hibiscoxylon intertrappeum is found in intercalated sediments in the Deccan Traps (which are of Late Cretaceous and Lower Paleaocene age) [25]. The latter bears tile cells of the Pterospermum type, and is interpreted by the authors as being close to that genus.

Javelinoxylon

Javalinoxylon multiporosum is a fossil wood common in the Javalina Formation of the Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) of Texas [26]. It was described as malvalean, and apparently was most similiar to members of the traditional Malvaceae and Sterculiaceae. Javalinoxylon weberi is a fossil wood from late Campanian–early Maastrichtian Olmos Formation of Coahila [n]. Javalinoxylon deca is a fossil wood from the Upper Cretaceous of Chihuahua [27].

Luehea

Luehea stratificata

Malvaceoxylon

Matisianoxylon

Matisianoxylon brasiliense

Maxwellioxylon

Nicolia

Notomalvaceoxylon

Notomalvaceoxylon magallanense Martínez & Leppe is described from the Maastrichtian (latest Cretaceous) Dorotea Formation of southern Chile. [28]

Ochroma

Ochroma pozoensis ...

Parabombacaceoxylon

Parabombacaceoxylon magniporosum Wheeler, Lee & Matten

Periplanetoxylon

Periplanetoxylon panamense from the Cucuracha Formation of Miocene of Panama is similar to the wood of modern day Pentaplaris [19, 20]

Pterospermoxylon

Pterospermoxylon is a form genus representing fossil wood similar to that of extant Pterospermum. It possess tile cells [16]. It is recorded from the Pliocene of Kutch (India) [29] (as Pterospermoxylon kutchensis [30]).

Pterospermoxylon bengalensis is described from the Miocene of Bengal.

Quararibeoxylon

Quararibeoxylon sanctijosephii is described from Brasil [o]. (It was published in a conference paper of which I once found an abstract - it appears to no longer have any web footprint at all.)

Reevesia

Reevesia japonoxyla

Reevesia miocenica - see Wataria miocenica.

Reevesia oligocenica - see Wataria oligocenica.

Reevesia wallichii, from the Pleistocene of Java [3].

Sessaoxylon

Sillimania/Sillimannia

Sillimannia texana Unger is from the Cretaceous of Texas, and was identified by Unger as sterculiaceous [3].

Staubia

Staubia eriodendroides Felix is from the Tertiary of Hungary, and said to be dombeyoid [].

Sterculinium and Sterculioxylon

Sterculioxylon and Sterculinium are form genera representing fossil wood similar to that of extant Sterculia.

Sterculinium dattai is recorded from the Miocene of Assam [31].

Sterculioxylon rhenanum is recorded from the Tertiary of Germany [p].

Sterculioxylon (Nicolia) aegyptiacum (Unger) Kräusel is recorded from Eygpt, from the Tertiary of French Equatorial Africa [32], and under the name Nicolia aegyptiaca from the Senonian (Cretaceous) or Landenian (Tertiary) of Belgium [33], and from the late Cretaceous or Eocene of Ethiopia [c].

Sterculioxylon freulonii is recorded from the Lower Eocene of Libya [34]; it is said to approach Sterculia oblonga in characteristics.

Sterculioxylon deccanensis [35] and Sterculioxylon shahpuraensis [36] are recorded from the Intertrappean Formation (Palaeocene?) of the Deccan.

Sterculioxylon pondicherriense is recorded from the Cuddalore Series of the Lower Miocene of eastern peninsular India [37].

Sterculioxylon kalagarhense is recorded from the Miocene of Uttar Pradesh [38].

Sterculioxylon varmahii is recorded from the Mio-Pliocene of Arunachal Pradesh [22].

Sterculioxylon dattai is recorded from the Tertiary of Assam [39].

Sterculioxylon giarabubense (Chiar.) Kr. is recorded from the Oligocene of Fayum.

Tarrietoxylon

Tarrietoxylon sumatrense Kräusel is from the Tertiary of southern Sumatra [].

Tarrietioxylon hazzeldinewarrenii Crawley.

Tilia and Tilioxylon

Tilioxylon is a form genus representing fossil wood similar to that of extant Tilia. As Tilia has a long fossil record, composed of flowers and fruits (identifiable by their distinctive bracts), as well as pollen, leaves and wood, Tilia-like wood is often placed in Tilia rather than Tilioxylon; for example in the petrified forests of the Oligocene and Miocene of Lesbos.

Tilioxylon lueheaformis is recorded from the Eocene Oldhaven Beds of England [40]. The name Tilioxylon palaeocordatum has also been used.

Tilia miocenica and Tilia "crystllophora" are recorded from the Miocene of Korea and Japan respectively [41].

Triplochitioxylon

Triplochitioxylon is a form genus representing fossil wood similar to that of extant Triplochiton. It possesses tile cells [16].

Triplochitioxylon oregonensis is recorded from the Eocene of North America [42].

Veraguasoxylon

Veraguasoxylon panamense is described from Oligocene-Miocene Santiago Fm. of the Azuero peninsula of Panama. It is identified as malvaceous by the presence of tile cells of the Pterospermum-type, but is distinct from all known living and fossil malvaceous woods. [43].

Wataria

A number of fossil wood types from Oligocene and Miocene of Japan were previously placed in Reevesia, as Reevesia miocenica and Reevesia oligocenica. These wood types are characterised by distinct ring porosity and tile cells in rays. Comparison with extant wood specimens showed that only one agreed with modern Reevesia, the remainder not agreeing with any extant malvalean genus. Terada and Suzuki [44] interpreted them as an extinct genus of Helicteroideae, most similar to the living genus Triplochiton, and the North American fossil wood Triplochitioxylon, to which they gave the name Wataria, in honour of an earlier worker on this material.

They recognised 3 species; Wataria miocenica (Watari) Terada and Suzuki, Wataria oligocenica (Suzuki) Terada and Suzuki and Wataria parvipora Terada and Suzuki. A fossil forest from the Lower Miocene of Japan is dominated by stumps of Wataria parvipora, and also by fallen leaves of Byttneriophyllum tiliifolium, from it is inferred that the wood and leaves represent the same plant [45].

Wataria miocenica and Wataria parvipora are also known from Korea [4647q].

Wataria yunnanica Li et Oskolski ...

Wataria kvacekii Wheeler and Manchester is described from the Late Eocene of Oregon [48]

Wheeleroxylon

Wheelerooxylon atascosense is a fossil wood from the Late Cretaceous of Coahuila [49].

References

  1. INSIDE WOOD - Fossil Hardwood Taxonomy by Family (2004 onwards)
  2. Wheeler, E.A., InsideWood - a web resource for hardwood anatomy, IAWA Journal 32(2): 199-211 (2011)
  3. W.N. Edwads, II. Plantae. Pars 17. Dicotyledones (Ligna), Fossilium Catalogus (1931)
  4. Mary Gregory, Imogen Poole and Elisabeth A. Wheeler, Fossil dicot wood names: an annotated list with full bibliography, IAWA Journal Suppl. 6: 1-220 (2009)
  5. Arthur D. Watt, Index of Generic Names of Fossil Plants 1974-1978, Geological Survey Professional Paper 1517 (1982)
  6. R. Soledad Ramos, Mariana Brea & Daniela Kröhling, Malvaceous wood from the Late Pleistocene El Palmar Formation of northeastern Argentina, Rev. Palaeo. Palyno. 246: 232-241 (2017)
  7. Marwah M. Kamal El-Din, Bombacoxylon owenii (Carr.) Gottwald from Gebel Shabraweet, Eastern Desert, Egypt, Taeckholmia 22(1): 91-99 (2002)
  8. El-Din, Marwah M. Kamal & El-Saadawi, Wagieh S., Two Leguminosae woods from the Miocene of Gebel Ruzza, Egypt, IAWA Journal 25(4): 471-483 (2004)
  9. Madelaine Böhme & Angela A. Bruch, The reconstruction of Early and Middle Miocene climate and vegetation in Southern Germany as determined from the fossil wood flora, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 253(1-2): 91-114 (2007)
  10. Julius Schuster, Über Nicolien und Nicolien Ähnliche Hölzer, Kungl. Svenska vetenskapsakademiens handlingar 45(6): 1-18 (1910)
  11. Wheeler & Lehman, Late Cretaceous Woody Dicots from the Ajuga and Javelina Formations, Big Bend National Park, Texas, USA, IAWA Journal 21(1): 86-120 (2004)
  12. Steven R. Manchester, Chattawaya (Sterculiaceae):A new genus of wood from the Eocene of Oregon and its implication for xylem evolution of the extant genus Pterospermum, Am. J. Bot. 67(1): 59-67 (1980)
  13. Édouard Boureau, Étude paléoxylologique du Sahara; sur le Dombeyoxylon monodii n.sp., sterculiacee fossile des environs de Tindouf et de l'Azaouad, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris ser. 2, 21(5): 639-646 (1949)
  14. Reference Elizabethiaxylon not found
  15. Rashmi Srivastava and J. S. Guleria, Grewinium, a substitute name for Grewioxylon Shallom non Schuster, The Palaeobotanist 49(3): 531-532 (2000)
  16. Steven R. Manchester et al, Wood anatomy of Craigia (Malvales) from southeastern Yunnan, China, IAWA Journal 27(2): 129-136 (2006)
  17. U. Prakash and R. Dayal, Fossil woods of Grewia from the Deccan Intertrappean series, India, The Palaeobotanist 13(1): 17-24 (1964)
  18. A. Selmeier, Jungtertiäre Kieselhölzer (Bombacaceae, Tiliaceae, Meliaceae) aus dem Ortenburger Schotter von Rauscheröd (Niederbayern), Münchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, A 6: 89-140 (1985)
  19. Oris Rodriguez Reyes, Systematics of Miocene angiosperm woods from the Panama Canal, and their palaeoenvironmental implications, Ph. D. thesis (Royal Holloway) (2014)
  20. Oris Rodriguez Reyes, Fossil woods (Malvaceae) from the lower Miocene (early to mid-Burdigalian) part of the Cucaracha Formation of Panama (Central America) and their biogeographic implications, Rev. Palaeo. Palyno. 209: 11-34 (2014)
  21. Rashmi Srivastava and N. Awasthi, Carbonised woods of Sterculiaceae and Sapindaceae from middle Miocene sediments of Kerala coast, The Palaeobotanist 42(2): 178-182 (1993)
  22. R. N. Lakhanpal, U. Prakash, and N. Awasthi, Some more dicotyledonous woods from the Tertiary of Deomali, Arunachal Pradesh, India, The Palaeobotanist 27(3): 232-252 (1978)
  23. Kräusel, Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens IV. Die Fossilen Floren Ägpyten, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Abt. Math. Naturw N.F 47 (1939)
  24. H. Gottwald, Zwei Kieselhoelzer aus dem Oligozän von Tunis, Bombacoxylon oweni und Pseudolachnostyloxylon weylandii, Palaeontographica Abteilung B 125(4-6): 112-117 (1969)
  25. Trivedi & Ambwani, Occurence of Hibiscoxylon Intertrappeum Sp.Nov. from the Deccan Intertrappean series of Mahurzari, near Nagpur (M.P). India, Current Science (IAS) 40(7): 167-168 (1971)
  26. Wheeler et al, Javelinoxylon, an Upper Cretaceous Dicotyledonous Tree from Big Bend National Park, Texas, with Presumed Malvalean Affinities, Am. J. Bot. 81(6): 703-710 (1994)
  27. Estrada-Ruiz & Martinez-Cabrera, A new late Cretaceous wood (Coniacian-Maastrichtian) Javelinoxylon wood from Chihuahua, Mexico, IAWA Journal 32(4): 521-530 (2011)
  28. Leandro C. A. Martínez, Marcelo Leppe, Leslie M. E. Manríquez, Juan Pablo Pino, Cristine Trevisan, Joseline Manfroi & Héctor Mansilla, A unique Late Cretaceous fossil wood assemblage from Chilean Patagonia provides clues to a high-latitude continental environment, Papers in Palaeontology 9(6): e1536 (2023)
  29. Awasthi, N., J.S. Guleria & R.N. Lakhanpal, A Fossil Dicotyledonous Wood from the Pliocene Beds of Mothala District, Kutch, Western India, The Palaeobotanist 26(3): 199-205 (1980)
  30. Srivastava. Rashmi, R K Saxena and Gaurav Srivastava, Pterospermumocarpon, a new malvalean fruit from the Sindhudurg Formation (Miocene) of Maharashtra, India, and its phytogeographical significance, J. Earth Syst. Sci. 121(1): 183-193 (2012)
  31. Mehrota, Two new fossil fruits from Oligocene sediments of Makum Coalfield, Assam, India, Current Science (IAS) 79(10): 1482-1483 (2000)
  32. Édouard Boureau, Étude paléoxylologique du Sahara (VI). Sur une forme nouvelle de Sterculioxylon (Nicolia) aegyptiacum (Unger) Krausel, des couches post-éocènes du Tibesti, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris ser. 2, 21(6): 776-787 (1949)
  33. Reference Belgium36 not found
  34. Édouard Boureau, Étude paléoxylologique du Sahara (XXIII) . Sur une nouvelle espèce de bois fossile de Sterculiaceae récoltée è Ouaou en Namous (Libye) : Sterculioxylon Freulonii n. sp (XXIII) ., Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris ser. 2, 29(1): 112-120 (1957)
  35. R. N. Lakhanpal, U. Prakash, and M. B. Bande, Fossil dicotyledonous woods from the Deccan Intertrappean beds of Mandla District in Madhya Pradesh, The Palaeobotanist 25: 190-204 (1976)
  36. M.B. Bande & U, Prakash, Fossil dicotyledonous woods from the Deccan Intertrappean beds near Shahpura, Mondla Dist., Madhya Pradesh, The Palaeobotanist 31(1): 13-29 (1983)
  37. Awasthi, N., Fossil woods belonging to Sterculiaceae and Lythraceae from the Cuddalore Series near Pondicherry, The Palaeobotanist 27(2): 182-189 (1981)
  38. B. S. Trivedi and Madhu Ahuja, Sterculioxylon kalagarhense sp. nov. from Kalagarh (Bijnor District), U.P., India, Current Science (IAS) 47(1): 24-25 (1978)
  39. U. Prakash and P. P. Tripathi, Fossil woods from the Tertiary of Assam, The Palaeobotanist 21(3): 305-316 (1972)
  40. Mark Crawley, Angiosperm woods from British Lower Cretaceous and Palaeogene deposits, Special Papers in Palaeontology 66 (2001)
  41. Jeong et al, Miocene Tilia (Malvaceae) woods in Korea: including a new taxon, Geosciences Journal 17(3): 249-254 (2013)
  42. Steven R. Manchester, Triplochitoxylon (Sterculiaceae):a new genus of wood from the Eocene of Oregon and its bearing on xylem evolution in the extant genus Triplochiton, Am. J. Bot. 66(6): 699-708 (1979)
  43. Oris J. Rodríguez-Reyes, and Emilio Estrada-Ruiz, Two new reports of ancientrainforest trees from the Azuero Peninsula, Panama, Ameghiniana 57: 209-218 (2020)
  44. Terada & Suzuki, Revision of the so-called 'Reevesia' fossil woods from the Tertiary in Japan-a proposal of the new genus Wataria(Sterculiaceae), Rev. Palaeo. Palyno. 103(3/4): 235-251 (1998)
  45. Megumi Nishino, KazuoTerada, Kazuhiko Uemura, Yuki Ito & Toshihiro Yamada, An exceptionally well‑preserved monodominant fossil forest of Wataria from the lower Miocene of Japan, Scientific Reports 13: 10172 (2023)
  46. Jeong et al, Comparison of Korean and Japanese Tertiary fossil wood floras with special references to the genus Wataria, Geosciences Journal 7(2): 157-161 (2003)
  47. Jeong et al, Fossil woods from Janggi Group (Early Miocene) in Pohang Basin, Korea, J. Plant Research 117(3): 183-189 (2004)
  48. Elisabeth A. Wheeler & Steven R. Manchester, A Diverse Assemblage of Late Eocene Woods from Oregon, Western USA, Fossil Imprint 77(2): 299-329 (2021)
  49. Estrada-Ruiz et al, Upper Cretaceous woods from the Olmos Formation (late Campanian-early Maastrichtian), Coahuila, Mexico, Am. J. Bot. 97(7): 1179-1194 (2010)

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  14. Emilio Estrada-Ruiz, Hugo I. Martínez-Cabrera & Sergio R.S.Cevallos-Ferriz, Fossil woods from the late Campanian–early Maastrichtian Olmos Formation, Coahuila, Mexico, Rev. Palaeo. Palyno. 145(1-2): 123-133 (2007)
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  16. W.R. Müller-Stoll & H. Müller-Stoll, Sterculioxylon Rhenanum nov. spec. aus dem Alttertiär Südwestdeutschlands. (Studien über fossile Laubhölzer I.), Palaeontographica Abteilung B 89(4-6): 204-208 (1949)
  17. Jeong et al, Fossil woods from the Lower Coal-bearing Formation of the Janggi Group (Early Miocene) in the Pohang Basin, Korea, Rev. Palaeo. Palyno. 153(1-2): 124-138 (2009)

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